Журнал «Медицина неотложных состояний» Том 20, №4, 2024
Вернуться к номеру
Лапароскопічна холецистектомія з дренуванням і без нього: систематичний огляд і метааналіз
Авторы: Чуклін С.С., Чуклін С.М.
Медичний центр Святої Параскеви, м. Львів, Україна
Рубрики: Медицина неотложных состояний
Разделы: Клинические исследования
Версия для печати
Актуальність. Абдомінальний дренаж з профілактичною метою десятиліттями використовувався хірургами через можливість раннього виявлення ознак післяопераційних ускладнень. Проте справжня цінність звичайного дренування після абдомінальної операції все ще дискутується. Існують контрасти між дослідженнями, які підтримують встановлення дренажу виключно у пацієнтів з інтраопераційними ускладненнями, і працями, які демонструють сприятливий вплив профілактичного дренування на післяопераційний біль, нудоту та блювання. Проте все ще бракує доказів щодо використання рутинного дренування черевної порожнини після лапароскопічної холецистектомії та його клінічної цінності. Поточні настанови не згадують про роль дренажу після лапароскопічної холецистектомії. Мета: оцінити, чи є звичайний післяопераційний дренаж ефективнішим, ніж його відсутність, у пацієнтів з неускладненим доброякісним захворюванням жовчного міхура після лапароскопічної холецистектомії. Матеріали та методи. Пошук в електронних базах даних MedLine, Scopus, бібліотеці Cochrane було проведено для рандомізованих контрольованих досліджень, у яких повідомлялося про результати лапароскопічної холецистектомії з абдомінальним дренажем і без нього, до січня 2024 року. Систематичний огляд проводився відповідно до рекомендацій PRISMA, а метааналіз — за допомогою моделей фіксованих і випадкових ефектів. Розраховували відношення шансів (OR) з довірчим інтервалом (ДІ) для якісних змінних і середню різницю (MD) з ДІ для безперервних змінних за допомогою IBM SPSS Statistic 29.0.2.0. Результати. У метааналіз було включено 44 РКД за участю 5185 пацієнтів (2592 з дренажами проти 2593 без них). Не було статистично значущих відмінностей у показниках частоти накопичення внутрішньочеревної рідини (OR = 0,87; 95% ДІ: 0,64–1,19; p = 0,39) між двома групами. Абдомінальні дренажі не зменшили загальну частоту нудоти та блювання (OR = 1,51; 95% ДІ: 0,85–2,70; p = 0 ,16) або болю в плечі (OR = 0,90; 95% ДІ: 0,58–1,41; p = 0,65). Група абдомінального дренування показала значно вищі показники болю (MD = 0,67; 95% ДІ: 0,37–0,98; p < 0,001), ніж пацієнти без дренажу. Дренування черевної порожнини подовжило тривалість операції (MD = 3,82; 95% ДІ: 1,93–5,70; p < 0,001), але не тривалість перебування в лікарні після операції (MD = 0,42; 95% ДІ: –0,02–0,85; p = 0,06). Було виявлено, що ранова інфекція (OR = 3,26; 95% ДІ: 2,35–4,51; p < 0,001), лихоманка (OR = 4,40; 95% ДІ: 2,57–7,8554; p < 0,001) і пневмонія (OR = 4,74; 95% ДІ: 2,25–9,97; p < 0,001) пов’язані з використанням абдомінальних дренажів. Висновки. На сьогодні немає жодних доказів на підтримку використання планового дренування після лапароскопічної холецистектомії при неускладненому доброякісному захворюванні жовчного міхура. Відсутність дренування після лапароскопічної холецистектомії безпечна та пов’язана з меншою кількістю ускладнень. Післяопераційне відновлення поліпшується, якщо немає дренажу. Для підтвердження цих висновків потрібні подальші добре сплановані рандомізовані клінічні дослідження.
Background. The abdominal drainage with a prophylactic purpose was used by surgeons for decades because of the possibility to detect early signs of postoperative complications. However, the real value of routine drainage after abdominal surgery is still debated. There are discrepancies between studies supporting the drain placement only in patients with intraoperative complications and works showing a beneficial effect of prophylactic abdominal drainage on postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting. However, there is still a lack of evidence on the use of routine abdominal drainage following laparoscopic cholecystectomy and its clinical value. Current guidelines do not mention the role of drainage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Objective: to evaluate whether conventional postoperative drainage is more effective than no drainage in patients with non-complicated benign gallbladder disease after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials and methods. A search in the electronic databases MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library was conducted for randomized controlled trials reporting outcomes of laparoscopic cholecystectomy with and without an abdominal drainage until January 2024. The systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and meta-analysis — using fixed and random effects models. Odds ratio (OR) with confidence interval (CI) for qualitative variables and mean difference (MD) with CI for continuous variables were calculated using IBM SPSS Statistics 29.0.2.0. Results. Forty-four randomized controlled trials involving 5,185 patients (2,592 with drains vs 2,593 without them) were included in the meta-analysis. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of intra-abdominal fluid accumulation (OR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.64–1.19; p = 0.39) between two groups. Abdominal drains did not reduce the overall incidence of nausea and vomiting (OR = 1.51; 95% CI: 0.85–2.70; p = 0 .16) or shoulder pain (OR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.58–1.41; p = 0.65). The abdominal drain group reported significantly higher pain scores (MD = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.37–0.98; p < 0.001) than patients without drains. Abdominal drainage increased operative time (MD = 3.82; 95% CI: 1.93–5.70; p < 0.001) but not the length of hospital stay after surgery (MD = 0.42; 95% CI: –0.02–0.85; p = 0.06). Wound infection (OR = 3.26; 95% CI: 2.35–4.51; p < 0.001), fever (OR = 4.40; 95% CI: 2.57–7.8554; p < 0.001) and pneumonia (OR = 4.74; 95% CI: 2.25–9.97; p < 0.001) were found to be associated with the use of abdominal drains. Conclusions. Currently, there is no evidence to support the use of routine drainage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in non-complicated benign gallbladder disease. No drainage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe and associated with fewer complications. Postoperative recovery is improved if drain is not used. Further well-designed randomized clinical trials are required to confirm this finding.
лапароскопічна холецистектомія; дренування; ускладнення; огляд; метааналіз
laparoscopic cholecystectomy; drainage; complications; review; meta-analysis
Для ознакомления с полным содержанием статьи необходимо оформить подписку на журнал.
- Gurusamy KS, Koti R, Davidson BR. Routine abdominal drainage versus no abdominal drainage for uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(9):CD006004. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006004.pub4.
- Mannam R, Sankara Narayanan R, Bansal A, et al. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Versus Open Cholecystectomy in Acute Cholecystitis: A Literature Review. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e45704. doi: 10.7759/cureus.45704.
- Pucher PH, Brunt LM, Fanelli RD, Asbun HJ, Aggarwal R. SAGES expert Delphi consensus: critical factors for safe surgical practice in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2015;29(11):3074-3085. doi: 10.1007/s00464-015-4079-z.
- Tazuma S, Unno M, Igarashi Y et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis 2016. J Gastroenterol. 2017;52(3):276-300. doi: 10.1007/s00535-016-1289-7.
- Conrad C, Wakabayashi G, Asbun HJ, et al. IRCAD recommendation on safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2017;24(11):603-615. doi: 10.1002/jhbp.491.
- Wakabayashi G, Iwashita Y, Hibi T, et al. Tokyo Guidelines 2018: surgical management of acute cholecystitis: safe steps in laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2018;25(1):73-86. doi: 10.1002/jhbp.517.
- Picchio M, Lucarelli P, Di Filippo A, De Angelis F, Stipa F, Spaziani E. Meta-analysis of drainage versus no drainage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JSLS. 2014;18(4):e2014.00242. doi: 10.4293/JSLS.2014.00242.
- Wong CS, Cousins G, Duddy JC, Walsh SR. Intra-abdominal drainage for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2015;23(Pt A):87-96. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.09.033.
- Yong L, Guang B. Abdominal drainage versus no abdominal drainage for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Int J Surg. 2016;36(Pt A):358-368. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.11.083.
- Xu M, Tao YL. Drainage versus No Drainage after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Acute Cholecystitis: A Meta-Analysis. Am Surg. 2019;85(1):86-91. PMID: 30760351.
- Lee SJ, Choi IS, Moon JI, et al. Optimal drain management following complicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: a propensity-matched comparative study. J Minim Invasive Surg. 2022;25(2):63-72. doi: 10.7602/jmis.2022.25.2.63.
- Coletta D, Del Basso C, Giuliani G, Guerra F. Subcutaneous suction drains do not prevent surgical site infections in clean-contaminated abdominal surgery-results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2019;404(6):663-668. doi: 10.1007/s00423-019-01813-x.
- Brucchi F, Mehmeti M, Lauricella S, Faillace G. The use of intra-abdominal prophylactic drainage in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: does it change in relation to surgical expertise? A multicenter case-control retrospective study on postoperative outcomes. Minerva Surg. 2023 Oct 18. doi: 10.23736/S2724-5691.23.09934-3. Online ahead of print.
- Picchio M, De Cesare A, Di Filippo A, Spaziani M, Spaziani E. Prophylactic drainage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Updates Surg. 2019;71(2):247-254. doi: 10.1007/s13304-019-00648-x.
- Cirocchi R, Kwan SH, Popivanov G, et al. Routine drain or no drain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Surgeon. 2021;19(3):167-174. doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2020.04.011.
- Yang J, Liu Y, Yan P, et al. Comparison of laparoscopic cholecystectomy with and without abdominal drainage in patients with non-complicated benign gallbladder disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(20):e20070. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020070.
- Huang W, Ying L, Jia Y. Drainage versus no drainage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: a meta-analysis. Biomedical Research. 2019;30(1):6-10. doi: 10.35841/biomedicalresearch.30-18-120.
- Wang X, Chen Y, Yao L, et al. Reporting of declarations and conflicts of interest in WHO guidelines can be further improved. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018;98:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.12.021.
- Yokoe M, Hata J, Takada T, et al. Tokyo Guidelines 2018: diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholecystitis (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2018;25(1):41-54. doi: 10.1002/jhbp.515.
- Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane, 2023. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/ handbook.
- Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:135. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-14-135.
- Bugiantella W, Vedovati MC, Becattini C, Canger RC, Avenia N, Rondelli F. To drain or not to drain elective uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2014;21(11):787-794. doi: 10.1002/jhbp.127.
- Prevot F, Fuks D, Cosse C, Pautrat K, et al. The Value of Abdominal Drainage After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Mild or Moderate Acute Calculous Cholecystitis: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. World J Surg. 2016;40(11):2726-2734. doi: 10.1007/s00268-016-3605-z.PMID: 27351713.
- Calini G, Brollo PP, Quattrin R, Bresadola V. Predictive Factors for Drain Placement After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Front Surg. 2022 Feb 2;8:786158. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.786158.
- Qiu J, Li M. Nondrainage after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Acute Calculous Cholecystitis Does Not Increase the Postoperative Morbidity. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:8436749. doi: 10.1155/2018/8436749.
- Khanal S. Indications and Outcomes of Abdominal Drain in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in a Tertiary Care Center in Central Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. J Soc Surg Nep. 2022;25(2):40-45.
- Dhiman A, Sharma V, Chauhan A. Outcome of Post-Operative Shoulder Pain in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with and without Drain. EAS J Med Surg. 2021;3(2):22-24. doi: 10.36349/easjms.2021.v03i02.002.
- Nadeem F, Khan MR, Naz FU. Comparison of mean pain scores for the patients with sub hepatic drainage to those without it after elective uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(1):226-229. doi: 10.12669/pjms.35.1.224.
- Hawasli A, Brown E. The effect of drains in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Laparoendosc Surg. 1994;4(6):393-398. doi: 10.1089/lps.1994.4.393.
- Nursal TZ, Yildirim S, Tarim A, et al. Effect of drainage on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2003;388(2):95-100. doi: 10.1007/s00423-003-0374-6.
- Capitanich P, Segundo Uranga L, Malizia P, Herrera J, Iovaldi ML. Usefulness of prophylactic drainage in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Randomized prospective report. Prensa Medica Argentina 2005;92(9):623-627.
- Uchiyama K, Tani M, Kawai M, Terasawa H, Hama T, Yamaue H. Clinical significance of drainage tube insertion in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2007;14(6):551-556. doi: 10.1007/s00534-007-1221-x.
- Tzovaras G, Liakou P, Fafoulakis F, Baloyiannis I, Zacharoulis D, Hatzitheofilou C. Is there a role for drain use in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy? A controlled randomized trial. Am J Surg. 2009;197(6):759-763. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.05.011.
- Assi AN, Ridha MA, Al-Khaqany AA. Effect of subhepatic drainage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Thi-Qar Medical Journal (TQMJ). 2010;4(3):24-35.
- Georgiou C, Demetriou N, Pallaris T, Theodosopoulos T, Katsouyanni K, Polymeneas G. Is the routine use of drainage after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy justified? A randomized trial. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2011;21(2):119-23. doi: 10.1089/lap.2010.0003.
- Hassan HA, Nile AK, Ismael AH. Does Postlaparoscopic Cholecystectomy Intraabdominal Drain Reduces Postoperative Shoulder Pain? Iraqi J Med Sci. 2011;9(1):4-10.
- Picchio M, De Angelis F, Zazza S, et al. Drain after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A randomized multicentre controlled trial. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(10):2817-2822. doi: 10.1007/s00464-012-2252-1.
- El-Labban G, Hokkam E, El-Labban M, Saber A, Heissam K, El-Kammash S. Laparoscopic elective cholecystectomy with and without drain: a controlled randomised trial. J Minim Access Surg. 2012;8(3):90-92. doi: 10.4103/0972-9941.97591.
- Nagpal A, Goyal S, Abbey L, Singh A. Drainage in Cholecystectomy: Required or Not? A Comparative Randomized Study in Northern Indian Subjects. World J Lap Surg. 2012;5(2):63-66. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10007-1151.
- Shamim M. Routine Sub-hepatic Drainage versus No Drainage after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Open, Randomized, Clinical Trial. Indian J Surg. 2013;75(1):22-27. doi: 10.1007/s12262-012-0452-5.
- Shah SF, Shah SZ, Waqar SH, Malik Z, Zahid MA. A Comparison of Complications of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with and Without Drainage. Ann Pak Inst Med Sci. 2014;10(2):80-83.
- Park JS, Kim JH, Kim JK, Yoon DS. The role of abdominal drainage to prevent of intra-abdominal complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: prospective randomized trial. Surg Endosc. 2015;29(2):453-457. doi: 10.1007/s00464-014-3685-5.
- Kim EY, Lee SH, Lee JS, et al. Is routine drain insertion after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis beneficial? A multicenter, prospective randomized controlled trial. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2015;22(7):551-557. doi: 10.1002/jhbp.244.
- Lucarelli P, Picchio M, Martellucci J, et al. Drain After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Acute Calculous Cholecystitis. A Pilot Randomized Study. Indian J Surg. 2015;77(Suppl 2):288-292. doi: 10.1007/s12262-012-0797-9.
- Sanjay M, Siddharth P, Mahavir SJ, Hardeep S, Priyanka S, Jangvir S. Subhepatic Drain Has No Role After Uncomplicated Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Prospective Randomized Double Blind Study. Hellenic Journal of Surgery. 2015;87(6):458-464. doi: 10.1007/s13126-015-0257-7.
- Sharma A, Mittal S. Role of Routine Subhepatic Abdominal Drain Placement following Uncomplicated Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Prospective Randomised Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(12):PC03-PC05. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/21142.8983.
- Chauhan HR, Vaishnav UG. A comparative study to evaluate the outcome of routine use of drain verses no drain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a tertiary care teaching centre experience. Int Surg J. 2016;3(1):330-335. doi: 10.18203/2349-2902.isj20160254.
- Sharma A, Gupta SN. Drainage versus no Drainage after Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2016;14(53):69-72. PMID: 27892445.
- Saber A, Hokkam E, Alshayeb A. Laparoscopy in acute cholecystitis: to drain or not to drain. Journal of Surgery. 2017;5(3-1):28-32. doi: 10.11648/j.js.s.2017050301.16.
- Selim Said Abdel-Rahman EL-Nemr, Ahmed Mohamed El-Sayed, Abdel-Galeel Kamal Abdel-Galeel Elwany. Uncomplicated Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to Drain or not to Drain. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2018;73(2):6122-6127. doi: 10.21608/EJHM.2018.12732.
- Bangash TH, Siddique MK, Imran M, Fatima W, Kamran M. Post Operative Wound Infection іn Uncomplicated Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with and without a Drain. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2018;68(5):1393-1397.
- Riad H, Ammar SA, Ismeal MS. Abdominal Drainage versus Non Drainage for Uncomplicated Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Operations in Assiut University Hospital. Med J Cairo Univ. 2018;86(5):2231-2235.
- Ibrahim AH, Wahab A, Ali AR. Use of Drain in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2018;73(9):7615-7621. doi: 10.21608/EJHM.2018.19790.
- Usman M, Saleem K, Hayat S. Laproscopic cholecystectomy; early postoperative outcomes of laproscopic cholecystectomy with and without subhepatic drain insertion. Professional Med J. 2019;26(4):563-566. doi: 10.29309/TPMJ/2019.26.04.3364.
- Bostanci MT, Saydam M, Kosmaz K, Tastan B, Bostanci EB, Akoglu M. The effect on morbidity of the use of prophylactic abdominal drain following elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(5):1306-1311. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.291.
- Bansal PK. To compare the differences between laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed with and without drains. J Adv Med Dent Scie Res. 2019;7(1):229-233. doi: 10.21276/jamdsr.
- Valappil MV, Gulati S, Chhabra M, et al. Drain in laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute calculous cholecystitis: a randomised controlled study. Postgrad Med J. 2020;96(1140):606-609. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136828.
- Sarkar S. A Comparative Study Between Routine Insertions оf Subhepatic Drain Versus No Drain аfter Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. GJRA. 2020;9(11):30-32. doi: 10.36106/gjra.
- Tarwey P, Murari K, Marandi P. Drain V/S ‘No Drain’ In Elective Non Complicated Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: An Observational Study. Journal of Medical and Dental Science Research. 2021;8(6):13-15.
- Vafaei F, Kamely A, Nouri G, Teshnizi SH, Shokri A. Effect of Utilizing a Drain on Shoulder Pain in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. A Randomized Clinical Trial. Indian Journal of Surgery. 2021;83(4):859-864. doi: 10.1007/s12262-020-02474-7.
- Dharamdev D, Mascarenhas RM, Bhandary A. Comparative study of laparoscopic cholecystectomy with and without drains. Int Surg J. 2021;8(9):2633-2636. doi: 10.18203/2349-2902.isj20213588.
- Bilal M, Aslam V, Ud Din Z, Jan W, Inamullah, Khan S, Malik AH. Post-procedural Drainage versus no Drainage in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy at DHQ Hospital Charsadda, Pakistan. J Islamabad Med Dental Coll. 2021;10(2):105-109. doi: 10.35787/jimdc.v10i2.554.
- Abdulhassan BA. Tube drainage versus without drain laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Public Health. 2021;24(5):108-113. doi: 10.36295/ASRO.2021.24515.
- Singh SN. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with and without Drainage: A Randomised Clinical Trial. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine (EJMCM). 2021;8(3):4597-4602.
- Saleem H, Saleem A, Siddiq G, Sheikh SSA, Saleem H. Comparison of the Morbidity after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Acutely Inflamed Gall Bladder with and without Drain Insertion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College. 2021;25(2):239-245. doi: 10.37939/jrmc.v25i2.1587.
- Raju BV, Nadipenaa J, Ganesh B, Pavani N, Kiran HU, Nayak SR. Drain versus no drain in an uncomplicated elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy — an institutional study. Int J Res Med Sci. 2022;10(11):2577-2581. doi: 10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20222861.
- Akbar I, Hussain SA, Hafeez H, et al. Outcome of laparosco-pic cholecystectomy with and without drains at Ayub teaching hospital. International Journal of Health Sciences. 2022;6(S10):1226-1237. doi: 10.53730/ijhs.v6nS10.13901.
- Fathi F, Kamani F, Farahmand AM, Rafieian S, Vahedi M. Effect of routine abdominal drainage on postoperative pain after uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis: A randomised controlled trial. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022;74:103353. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103353.
- Zhu H, Liu D, Zhou D, et al. Effectiveness of no drainage after elective day-case laparoscopic cholecystectomy, even with intraoperative gallbladder perforation: a randomized controlled trial. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2023;408(1):112. doi: 10.1007/s00423-023-02846-z.
- Patidar R, Patidar C, Gothi S. Assessment of role of drain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis. Int J Life Sci. 2023;12(2):1155-1157.
- Khan R, Bansal G, Kumar S. Postoperative Outcomes Among Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with and without Drain for Gallstone Disease: A Hospital Based Prospective Study. Int J Acad Med Pharm. 2023;5(5):1562-1566. doi: 10.47009/jamp.2023.5.5.307.
- Sruthi C, Teja PA, Sattar A, Chennupati TP, Shahana S. Prophylactic Drainage іn Cholecystectomy іn Uncomplicated Acute Cholecystitis. European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. 2023;13(1):568-575. doi: 10.50.83/ejcm.
- Darbar R, Pipariya PR. To Study the Drain versus No Drain in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. JMSCR. 2019;7(5):488-492. doi: 10.18535/jmscr/v7i5.79.
- Kim EY, You YK, Kim DG, et al. Is a drain necessary routinely after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for an acutely inflamed gallbladder? A retrospective analysis of 457 cases. J Gastrointest Surg 2014;18:941-6.
- Sao CH, Chan-Tiopianco M, Chung KC, et al. Pain after laparoscopic surgery: Focus on shoulder-tip pain after gynecological laparoscopic surgery. J Chin Med Assoc. 2019;82(11):819-826. doi: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000190.
- Rosero EB, Joshi GP. Hospital readmission after ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Incidence and predictors. J. Surg. Res. 2017;219:108-115. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.071.
- Yang SC, Chang KY, Wei LF, Shyr YM, Ho CM. To drain or not to drain: the association between residual intraperitoneal gas and post-laparoscopic shoulder pain for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):7447. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85714-4.
- Barazanchi AWH, MacFater WS, Rahiri JL, et al. Evidence-based management of pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A PROSPECT review update. Br J Anaesth. 2018;121(4):787-803. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.06.023.
- Gurer A, Dumlu EG, Dikili E, Kiyak G, Ozlem N. Is a drain required after laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Eurasian J Med. 2013;45(3):181-184. doi: 10.5152/eajm.2013.37.
- Eidy M, Jesmi F, Raygan F, Pishgahroudsari M, Pazouki A. Evaluating the Effect of Drain Site on Abdominal Pain after Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass Surgery for Morbid Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Bariatr Surg Pract Patient Care. 2015 Mar 1;10(1):38-41. doi: 10.1089/bari.2014.0032.